Doctor Fish
Garra rufa
Description
The Doctor Fish, also known as the “Turkish Fish” or “Doctor Fish,” is a small freshwater fish famous for its unique behavior of feeding on dead skin. These fish have an elongated, slender body and can range in color from brownish to pale with a slight golden hue. They are generally peaceful and curious, often seen swimming in groups. They are best known for their use in fish spa treatments, where they nibble on the dead skin of humans. In the aquarium, they display social behavior, schooling together, and are often found near the bottom or hiding in plants or rocks.
Habitat Origin
Native to the Middle East, specifically found in the rivers of Turkey, Syria, Iraq, and Iran. They are typically found in warm, slow-moving freshwater streams with clean, oxygen-rich water.
Aquarium
Ideal Number in Aquarium: At least 5-6 individuals, as they are social and feel more secure in groups.
Favorite Food
Doctor Fish are omnivores and will eat a variety of foods, including high-quality pellets, algae wafers, and live or frozen foods like brine shrimp, bloodworms, and daphnia. They are also known for feeding on algae and detritus, making them excellent scavengers. They are often given supplementary food like blanched vegetables and fish flakes.
Behavior:
Doctor Fish are peaceful and active, often swimming in schools, especially when they feel secure. They are bottom-dwellers and enjoy scouring the substrate for food. In their natural habitat, they are known for their unique “therapy” behavior, nibbling on dead skin and debris. In an aquarium, they may display similar behavior, although they usually nibble on plants, driftwood, and aquarium surfaces if no dead skin is available.
Special Care:
Doctor Fish require a well-maintained aquarium with good filtration and regular water changes to maintain water quality. They thrive in a tank with plenty of hiding spots and areas to explore, such as rocks, caves, and dense plants. A gentle water flow is preferred, mimicking their natural habitat in slow-moving streams. They also prefer slightly acidic to neutral water conditions.
Compatibility with Other Fish:
Yes, Doctor Fish are peaceful and can be kept with other peaceful species, such as tetras, rasboras, and small catfish. They should be kept away from aggressive or larger fish that might intimidate them. It is important to note that they can sometimes nibble on the skin of tankmates, though this is not usually harmful. However, it is best to avoid delicate fish or those with thin skin.
Breeding Tank Setup
A separate breeding tank is highly recommended for Garra rufa to maintain water quality and protect the eggs from being eaten. A 20-gallon (75-liter) tank works for a small breeding group, while 40 gallons (150 liters) or more is ideal for larger groups. Maintain water parameters at pH 6.5–7.5, temperature 22–28°C (72–82°F), and hardness 5–12 dGH. Use a sponge or gentle internal filter to ensure clean water with mild circulation. Provide a substrate of sand or fine gravel, along with smooth rocks and driftwood for foraging and hiding. While dense planting isn’t necessary, Java moss or Anubias can be added for cover. Use moderate lighting with a 12-hour light/dark cycle to mimic natural conditions.
Conditioning
Condition Garra rufa with a varied diet rich in proteins and fiber. Feed them tropical pellets or flakes, live or frozen foods like brine shrimp, daphnia, and bloodworms, and vegetables such as blanched zucchini, peas, or spinach. Maintain water quality with 25–30% weekly water changes. To trigger spawning, perform a larger (50%) water change and raise the temperature slightly, simulating seasonal cues. Healthy, well-fed fish are more likely to engage in successful spawning behavior.
Spawning Behavior
Garra rufa typically spawn in spring-like conditions, which can be mimicked by temperature and water quality changes. Spawning usually occurs in the early morning, with males chasing females and displaying intensified colors. Females lay hundreds of small, sticky eggs, which attach to rocks, plants, or decor. After spawning, remove the adults to prevent them from eating the eggs. Leaving the eggs undisturbed in the tank increases their chances of survival.
Fry Hatching
Eggs hatch in 4–7 days, depending on water temperature. Newly hatched fry are delicate and require infusoria or liquid fry food for the first few days. As they grow, begin feeding them baby brine shrimp or microworms, then transition to crushed flakes or pellets. Water quality is critical—perform daily 10–20% water changes, keep temperature and pH stable, and avoid overfeeding to prevent fouling and disease.
Maturity, Sexing, & Stress Avoidance
Garra rufa typically reach breeding maturity at 1–2 years, but 2 years or older is ideal for optimal fertility. Males are generally smaller, more slender, and display brighter colors, especially on the fins. Females are larger and rounder when carrying eggs. Prevent stress by maintaining consistent water conditions and excluding aggressive species from the breeding tank. Stability and a calm, clean environment are key to encouraging breeding and supporting healthy fry development.
